Introduction
The Indian Constitution, while adopting many Western features, uniquely incorporated the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) from the Irish Constitution. Found in Part IV (Articles 36 to 51), these principles act as moral guidelines for the government to establish a welfare state. While not enforceable by any court, they are fundamental in the governance of the country.
Main Body
What Are DPSPs?
DPSPs are a set of instructions to the State, guiding it in policy-making and governance. They are designed to ensure that the government works towards social justice, economic equity, and political fairness.
Classification of DPSPs
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar broadly categorized DPSPs into three groups:
1. Socialist Principles
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Aim to promote social and economic equality.
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Examples:
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Article 38: Promote welfare of people by securing a social order.
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Article 39: Equal pay for equal work, adequate means of livelihood.
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Article 41: Right to work, education and public assistance.
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2. Gandhian Principles
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Reflect Mahatma Gandhi’s ideals of rural upliftment and self-reliance.
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Examples:
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Article 40: Organization of village panchayats.
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Article 43: Promote cottage industries.
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Article 46: Promotion of education and economic interests of SC/STs.
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3. Liberal-Intellectual Principles
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Inspired by Western liberal ideologies.
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Examples:
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Article 44: Uniform Civil Code for citizens.
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Article 45: Free and compulsory education for children.
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Article 48: Protection of environment and wildlife.
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Significance of DPSPs
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Foundation of Welfare State: Ensures justice in all spheres of life.
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Check on Government Power: Acts as a guide in forming pro-people laws.
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Moral Obligations: Encourages governments to uplift weaker sections.
DPSPs vs. Fundamental Rights
| Criteria | Fundamental Rights | DPSPs |
|---|---|---|
| Nature | Justiciable | Non-justiciable |
| Enforcement | Enforceable in courts | Not enforceable |
| Aim | Political democracy | Socio-economic democracy |
Amendments Enhancing DPSPs
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42nd Amendment (1976): Added Article 39A (Free legal aid), Article 43A (Participation of workers).
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44th Amendment (1978): Prioritized DPSPs like nationalization over Fundamental Rights during emergencies.
Conclusion
The Directive Principles of State Policy, though non-binding, are vital for the holistic development of India. They embody the vision of the Constitution’s makers—a just, equitable, and humane society. Over the years, courts have acknowledged their importance, gradually bridging the gap between Fundamental Rights and DPSPs. A robust democracy like India must integrate these principles in every layer of governance, ensuring that the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice are not just promised but practiced.