Introduction
The Indian electoral system is known for its vibrancy and participation. However, frequent elections across states and at the Centre often disrupt governance, strain the economy, and polarize public attention. To address this, the Indian government has proposed a bold electoral reform: “One Nation, One Election” (ONOE) — holding simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha and all State Legislative Assemblies.
Though the idea has been under discussion since the 1950s, it has gained momentum in recent years due to rising election-related expenses and the administrative burden of conducting polls in a staggered manner. Let’s explore this proposal in depth.
What is One Nation, One Election?
Definition
One Nation, One Election refers to the idea of conducting general elections and state elections simultaneously across India — in one single electoral cycle every five years.
Historical Background
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Between 1951–1967, India had simultaneous elections.
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The system broke down due to early dissolutions of state assemblies.
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The Law Commission, NITI Aayog, and Parliamentary Committees have revisited this idea in recent years.
Why is This Proposal Being Discussed Again?
1. Frequent Elections:
India witnesses some form of election almost every year — either at the Centre or in the states, affecting policy decisions and development.
2. High Expenditure:
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Conducting multiple elections leads to a massive financial burden.
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According to the Election Commission of India, the 2019 General Election cost over ₹60,000 crore (including political party spending).
3. Governance Paralysis:
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Model Code of Conduct (MCC) limits governments from announcing schemes during elections.
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Governance slows down, especially when multiple states go to polls consecutively.
Benefits of One Nation, One Election
1. Cost Efficiency
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Conducting a single election reduces the cost of manpower, security, logistics, and EVM deployment.
2. Administrative Efficiency
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Less disruption of administrative machinery and security forces.
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Government officers can focus on service delivery instead of election duty.
3. Consistency in Governance
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Removes frequent MCC impositions and allows long-term planning and continuity in governance.
4. Voter Convenience
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Reduces voter fatigue due to frequent elections.
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One-time voting simplifies participation and increases awareness.
5. Boosts National Thinking
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Encourages citizens and political parties to think nationally, beyond narrow regional identities.
Challenges and Criticisms
1. Constitutional Amendments Needed
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Articles 83, 85, 172, 174, and 356 of the Constitution would need major amendments to synchronize terms of Lok Sabha and State Assemblies.
2. Federalism at Risk
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Critics argue that ONOE undermines the federal structure by reducing state autonomy in deciding election timelines.
3. Operational Difficulty
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Managing simultaneous elections across 28 states and 8 Union Territories is a massive logistical challenge.
4. Premature Dissolution Issue
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What happens if a state government falls mid-term? Should elections be held again, or should President's Rule apply?
5. Regional Issues Overlooked
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Simultaneous elections may marginalize local issues, as national parties dominate the discourse.
Government Initiatives and Committee Reports
1. Law Commission of India (2018)
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Recommended a two-phase simultaneous election model.
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Suggested constitutional amendments and consensus building among political parties.
2. NITI Aayog Proposal
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Proposed synchronization in two batches and emphasized EVM/VVPAT reforms.
3. High-Level Committee (2023–2024)
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Headed by former President Ram Nath Kovind.
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Collected expert opinions from Election Commission, Law Ministry, constitutional experts, and political parties.
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Recommended framework for implementing ONOE in a phased and consultative manner.
International Examples
Countries like South Africa, Sweden, and Indonesia conduct national and local elections together — showcasing that simultaneous elections are possible and successful under specific models and robust electoral systems.
Feasibility and the Road Ahead
While the benefits of ONOE are significant, its implementation needs broad political consensus, legal reform, and logistical planning. The Centre cannot enforce ONOE unilaterally — it must be passed by a constitutional amendment bill requiring ratification by at least 50% of the states.
Moreover, the Election Commission would need massive capacity enhancement in terms of EVMs, staff, polling booths, and voter awareness drives.
Conclusion
The One Nation, One Election proposal is a transformative vision that could streamline the Indian electoral process, reduce costs, and improve governance. However, its implementation must be democratic, legally sound, and mindful of India’s federal structure.
If done right, ONOE can be a game-changer for Indian democracy, balancing efficiency with inclusivity. But rushing into it without nationwide consensus could prove counterproductive.
For UPSC aspirants, understanding this topic from constitutional, administrative, political, and ethical angles is essential, as it connects various subjects like Polity, Governance, Indian Constitution, and Current Affairs.