× #1 Microeconomics vs. Macroeconomics #2 Definition and Scope of Economics #3 Positive and Normative Economics #4 Scarcity, Choice, and Opportunity Cost #5 Law of Demand and Determinants #6 Market Equilibrium and Price Mechanism #7 Elasticity of Demand and Supply #8 Utility Analysis: Total and Marginal Utility #9 Indifference Curve Analysis #10 Consumer Equilibrium #11 Revealed Preference Theory #12 Factors of Production #13 Production Function: Short-run and Long-run #14 Law of Variable Proportions #15 Cost Concepts: Fixed, Variable, Total, Average, and Marginal Costs #16 Perfect Competition: Characteristics and Equilibrium #17 Monopoly: Price and Output Determination #18 Monopolistic Competition: Product Differentiation and Equilibrium #19 Oligopoly: Kinked Demand Curve, Collusion, and Cartels #20 Theories of Rent: Ricardian and Modern #21 Wage Determination: Marginal Productivity Theory #22 Interest Theories: Classical and Keynesian #23 Profit Theories: Risk and Uncertainty Bearing #24 Concepts: GDP, GNP, NNP, NDP #25 Methods of Measuring National Income: Production, Income, Expenditure #26 Real vs. Nominal GDP #27 Limitations of National Income Accounting #28 Distinction between Growth and Development #29 Indicators of Economic Development: HDI, PQLI #30 Theories of Economic Growth: Harrod-Domar, Solow #31 Sustainable Development and Green GDP #32 Functions and Types of Money #33 Theories of Money: Quantity Theory, Keynesian Approach #34 Banking System: Structure and Functions #35 Role and Functions of Central Bank (RBI) #36 Objectives and Instruments: CRR, SLR, Repo Rate #37 Transmission Mechanism of Monetary Policy #38 Inflation Targeting Framework #39 Effectiveness and Limitations of Monetary Policy #40 Components: Government Revenue and Expenditure #41 Budgetary Process in India #42 Fiscal Deficit, Revenue Deficit, Primary Deficit #43 FRBM Act and Fiscal Consolidation #44 Types and Causes of Inflation #45 Effects of Inflation on Economy #46 Measures to Control Inflation: Monetary and Fiscal #47 Deflation: Causes, Consequences, and Remedies #48 Types: Frictional, Structural, Cyclical, Seasonal #49 Measurement of Unemployment #50 Causes and Consequences #51 Government Policies to Reduce Unemployment #52 Measurement of Poverty: Poverty Line, MPI #53 Causes of Poverty in India #54 Income Inequality: Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient #55 Poverty Alleviation Programs in India #56 Principles of Taxation: Direct and Indirect Taxes #57 Public Expenditure: Types and Effects #58 Public Debt: Internal and External #59 Deficit Financing and its Implications #60 Theories: Absolute and Comparative Advantage #61 Balance of Payments: Components and Disequilibrium #62 Exchange Rate Systems: Fixed, Flexible, Managed Float #63 International Monetary Fund (IMF): Objectives and Functions #64 World Bank Group: Structure and Assistance Programs #65 World Trade Organization (WTO): Agreements and Disputes #66 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) #67 Characteristics of Indian Economy #68 Demographic Trends and Challenges #69 Sectoral Composition: Agriculture, Industry, Services #70 Planning in India: Five-Year Plans and NITI Aayog #71 Land Reforms and Green Revolution #72 Agricultural Marketing and Pricing Policies #73 Issues of Subsidies and MSP #74 Food Security and PDS System #75 Industrial Policies: 1956, 1991 #76 Role of Public Sector Enterprises #77 MSMEs: Significance and Challenges #78 Make in India and Start-up India Initiatives #79 more longer Growth and Contribution to GDP #80 IT and ITES Industry #81 Tourism and Hospitality Sector #82 Challenges and Opportunities #83 Transport Infrastructure: Roads, Railways, Ports, Airports #84 Energy Sector: Conventional and Renewable Sources #85 Money Market: Instruments and Institutions #86 Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) in Infrastructure #87 Urban Infrastructure and Smart Cities #88 Capital Market: Primary and Secondary Markets #89 SEBI and Regulation of Financial Markets #90 Recent Developments: Crypto-currencies and Digital Payments #91 Nationalization of Banks #92 Liberalization and Entry of Private Banks #93 Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) and Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) #94 Financial Inclusion: Jan Dhan Yojana, Payment Banks #95 Life and Non-Life Insurance: Growth and Regulation #96 IRDAI: Role and Functions #97 Pension Reforms and NPS #98 Challenges in Insurance Penetration #99 Trends in India’s Foreign Trade #100 Trade Agreements and Regional Cooperation #101 Foreign Exchange Reserves and Management #102 Current Account Deficit and Capital Account Convertibility #103 Sectoral Caps and Routes #104 FDI Policy Framework in India #105 Regulations Governing FPI #106 Recent Trends and Challenges #107 Difference between FDI and FPI #108 Impact of FDI on Indian Economy #109 Impact on Stock Markets and Economy #110 Volatility and Hot Money Concerns #111 Determination of Exchange Rates #112 Role of RBI in Forex Market #113 Rupee Depreciation/Appreciation: Causes and Impact #114 Sources of Public Revenue: Taxes, Fees, Fines #115 Types of Public Expenditure: Capital and Revenue #116 Components of the Budget: Revenue and Capital Accounts #117 Types of Budget: Balanced, Surplus, Deficit #118 Fiscal Deficit, Revenue Deficit, Primary Deficit #119 Implications of Deficit Financing on Economy #120 Performance and Challenges #121 Current Account and Capital Account #122 Causes and Measures of BoP Disequilibrium #123 Fixed vs. Flexible Exchange Rates #124 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) Theory #125 Absolute and Comparative Advantage #126 Heckscher-Ohlin Theory #127 Free Trade vs. Protectionism #128 Tariffs, Quotas, and Subsidies #129 Concepts and Indicators #130 Environmental Kuznets Curve #131 Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources #132 Tragedy of the Commons #133 Economic Impact of Climate Change #134 Carbon Trading and Carbon Tax #135 Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement #136 National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) #137 Factors Affecting Productivity #138 Green Revolution and Its Impact #139 Abolition of Intermediaries

ECONOMICS